16.03.2006
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16.03.2006

Nature 440, 319-323 (16 March 2006) | doi:10.1038/nature04557; Received 12 May 2005; ; Accepted 19 December 2005


Visualizing dislocation nucleation by indenting colloidal crystals


Peter Schall1,3, Itai Cohen1,2,3, David A. Weitz1,2 and Frans Spaepen1



The formation of dislocations is central to our understanding of yield, work hardening, fracture, and fatigue1 of crystalline materials. While dislocations have been studied extensively in conventional materials, recent results have shown that colloidal crystals offer a potential model system for visualizing their structure and dynamics directly in real space2. Although thermal fluctuations are thought to play a critical role in the nucleation of these defects, it is difficult to observe them directly. Nano-indentation, during which a small tip deforms a crystalline film, is a common tool for introducing dislocations into a small volume that is initially defect-free3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Here, we show that an analogue of nano-indentation performed on a colloidal crystal provides direct images of defect formation in real time and on the single particle level, allowing us to probe the effects of thermal fluctuations. We implement a new method to determine the strain tensor of a distorted crystal lattice and we measure the critical dislocation loop size and the rate of dislocation nucleation directly. Using continuum models, we elucidate the relation between thermal fluctuations and the applied strain that governs defect nucleation. Moreover, we estimate that although bond energies between particles are about fifty times larger in atomic systems, the difference in attempt frequencies makes the effects of thermal fluctuations remarkably similar, so that our results are also relevant for atomic crystals.





  1. Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
  2. Department of Physics, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
  3. †Present addresses: Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Valckenierstraat 65, 1018 XE Amsterdam, The Netherlands (P.S.); Department of Physics, Cornell University, 508 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA (I.C.)

Correspondence to: Peter Schall1,3 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to P.S. (Email: pschall@science.uva.nl).


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  • Chen Wev   honorary member of ISSC science council

  • Harton Vladislav Vadim  honorary member of ISSC science council

  • Lichtenstain Alexandr Iosif  honorary member of ISSC science council

  • Novikov Dimirtii Leonid  honorary member of ISSC science council

  • Yakushev Mikhail Vasilii  honorary member of ISSC science council

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