Science Daily — Like the surface motif of a bubble bath, the spatial distribution of a magnetic field penetrating a superconductor can exhibit an intricate, foam-like structure. Ruslan Prozorov at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Ames Laboratory has observed these mystifying, two-dimensional equilibrium patterns in lead samples when the material is in its superconducting state, below 7.2 Kelvin, or minus 446.71 degrees Fahrenheit.
Equilibrium patterns in superconducting lead: left, Prozorov's "soap-foam" pattern; and right, the Landau laminar pattern. Both images are obtained at the same temperature and magnetic field. The only difference is how the magnetic field was increased or decreased to reach equilibrium. (Credit: Image courtesy of DOE/Ames Laboratory)
Through innovative research to relate the complex geometry of the equilibrium patterns to the macroscopic physical properties, such as magnetism, Prozorov has shown that the shape of the entire sample determines the pattern topology and overall magnetic behavior of the system – a significant finding that represents a major contribution to the field of superconductivity.
“You can have the same volume and same mass, but if you just change the shape, you get a different type of response from the sample and a different type of geometry of the equilibrium field pattern,” he said. “The discovery has reopened the whole field of equilibrium in type-I superconductors, which had gone dormant because it was considered closed.”
But something else wasn’t correct, at least not textbook correct. When Prozorov applied a sufficiently large magnetic field and looked at the lead sample in the magneto-optics system, he was surprised to see not the Landau labyrinth pattern but, rather, a pattern of two-dimensional tube shapes that he describes as looking like soap foam. “I was shocked because this was totally unexpected,” he said. “So now the big question was which pattern represents equilibrium?”
Prozorov’s experiments showed that, depending on its purity and macroscopic physical shape, the sample under investigation displayed either the soap-foam pattern or the Landau laminar pattern. He knew that samples like disks or slabs that have two parallel surfaces also have a property known as a geometric barrier. Only those sample shapes exhibited the Landau pattern, and only when the magnetic field was reduced.
However, Prozorov discovered that shapes without two flat surfaces, such as spheres, hemispheres, pyramids and cones, don’t exhibit the Landau behavior. “We observed the foam, or tubular, phase in all of these sample shapes, and we don’t have the Landau phase at all,” he said. “So it’s the foam phase that’s the equilibrium state of the system. Most of the past studies were done on samples with flat surfaces, that’s why people never observed this previously for decreasing magnetic field.”
Emphasizing the difficulty involved in creating these less common sample shapes, Prozorov said, “To observe this soap-foam phenomenon, the samples must be very clean and defect-free with a uniformity of crystal structure. We spent a lot of time trying to make lead samples in the shapes of hemispheres, cones and pyramids and finally succeeded. Having access to the materials expertise available at Ames Laboratory has been a tremendous benefit in our efforts,” he added.
The DOE Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences Office and the National Science Foundation funded the above work on equilibrium patterns in superconductors.
The article, “Equilibrium Topology of the Intermediate State in Type-I Superconductors of Different Shapes,” by Ruslan Prozorov appears in Physical Review Letters, June 22, 2007.
Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by DOE/Ames Laboratory.
